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Large Transformer Model Inference Optimization

lilianweng.github.io
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Added
Jul 21, 2026

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[Updated on 2023-01-24: add a small section on Distillation .] Large transformer models are mainstream nowadays, creating SoTA results for a variety of tasks. They are powerful but very expensive to train and use. The extremely high inference cost, in both time and memory, is a big bottleneck for adopting a powerful transformer for solving real-world tasks at scale. Why is it hard to run inference for large transformer models? Besides the increasing size of SoTA models, there are two main factor

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A rigorous survey of how to cut transformer inference cost in time and memory — quantization, pruning, sparsity, and distillation — giving engineers a practical map for deploying large models affordably at scale.

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